A stupid person causes losses to others without gaining anything themselves.
Cipolla categorizes behavior into four types based on gains/losses for oneself and others:
Everyone consistently underestimates the number of stupid individuals. The basic laws of human stupidity
Book Review-The Basic Laws of Human Stupidity - Thor Projects
Non-stupid people fail to realize how costly dealing with stupid people is. A stupid person causes losses to others without
The is a seminal essay by Italian economic historian Carlo M. Cipolla , first published in 1976. It presents a satirical yet rigorous framework for understanding stupidity as a distinct and highly dangerous social force. The Five Basic Laws
The probability of being stupid is independent of any other characteristic, such as education or status. The is a seminal essay by Italian economic historian Carlo M
Stupid people are the most dangerous type because their irrational actions are unpredictable. Cipolla's Matrix of Human Behavior