: The Western Roman Empire fell (476 AD). Clovis I founded the Frankish state and adopted Christianity (496 AD) to strengthen his power.
: Charles the Great expanded Frankish borders and became Emperor (800 AD). After his death, the empire split (Treaty of Verdun, 843 AD), forming the basis for France, Germany, and Italy. : The Western Roman Empire fell (476 AD)
: Campaigns (1096–1291 AD) to "liberate" the Holy Land. They increased trade but caused immense destruction. Formation of Centralized States the empire split (Treaty of Verdun