The formation of unified kingdoms in France (Philip IV) and England (Magna Carta and Parliament). IV. Late Middle Ages (XIV–XV centuries)
The fall of Constantinople (1453) and the expansion of the Turks into Europe. V. Culture and Science
Describes the "feudal ladder" (lords and vassals) and the life of peasants.
How "city air makes one free"—the growth of craft guilds, trade fairs, and the struggle of cities for independence from feudal lords.