Doc 8168 Vol 2 - Icao

Volume II is divided into parts that address different navigation technologies and phases of flight:

: Grouping aircraft by stall speed to determine specific obstacle clearance altitudes (OCA/H) for each type. Key Technical Components

The primary goal of Volume II is to standardize how States, operators, and charting organizations design flight procedures. This uniformity ensures that a pilot flying into any international aerodrome can rely on consistent safety margins, regardless of local terrain. Key areas of focus include: Icao Doc 8168 Vol 2

: Modern criteria for GPS and area navigation, including RNP (Required Navigation Performance) and Baro-VNAV.

: Designing for traditional ground-based aids like VOR, NDB, and ILS. Volume II is divided into parts that address

: Defining the minimum vertical separation (MOC) required between an aircraft and any terrain or man-made obstacles.

: Protecting the transition from instrument flight to visual landing. Latest Updates Key areas of focus include: : Modern criteria

Procedures for Air Navigation Services (PANS) - Aircraft Operations