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: For high-risk (hemodynamically unstable) patients, systemic thrombolysis (e.g., Alteplase) is recommended to rapidly dissolve the clot.

Acute Pulmonary Embolism (PE) is a critical cardiovascular emergency characterized by the sudden obstruction of a pulmonary artery, typically by a blood clot originating from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the lower limbs. As a leading cause of in-hospital mortality, its management requires rapid risk stratification and adherence to standardized clinical guidelines. Pathophysiology and Etiology

) scans are alternatives for patients with renal issues or contrast allergies. Management and Treatment

: Once a clot lodges in the pulmonary vascular bed, it increases pulmonary vascular resistance, which can lead to acute right ventricular (RV) failure and hemodynamic collapse.

: When thrombolysis is contraindicated or fails, options include catheter-directed thrombectomy or surgical embolectomy. Prognosis and Follow-Up

The development of PE is governed by , which consists of venous stasis, endothelial injury, and a hypercoagulable state.

: The mainstay for most patients. Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) is often preferred over unfractionated heparin (UFH) for initial treatment. Long-term management typically involves Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs) like apixaban or rivaroxaban.

: Computed Tomographic Pulmonary Angiography ( CTPA ) is the gold standard for confirmation. Ventilation-perfusion (