: The mechanism that actuates the instructions, often using closed-loop or open-loop feedback. Categories of Automation :

: Equipment designed to change the sequence of operations to accommodate different product configurations (e.g., industrial robots).

A production system is a collection of people, equipment, and procedures organized to perform a company's manufacturing operations. Automation in Production Systems Guide | PDF - Scribd

: High-volume production with a fixed equipment configuration (e.g., transfer lines).

: Energy required to accomplish the process and operate the system components.

: An extension of programmable automation that allows for product changeovers with zero downtime. 2. Production Systems Infrastructure