Artists like Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning sought a new, raw language of "action painting" that reflected the existential anxiety of the era.
While many histories focus solely on the rise of American dominance, Hopkins highlights a constant dialogue—and often a resistance—between European and American centers. After Modern Art 1945-2000 (Oxford History of Art)
Figures like Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein bridged the gap between "high art" and mass consumer culture, using iconography from advertising and comics. Artists like Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning
Instead, a "Duchampian engine" began to drive the art world. This refers to the legacy of Marcel Duchamp, whose critique of aesthetic norms prioritized the idea over the physical object. This shift paved the way for everything from the conceptual puzzles of the 1960s to the performance art of the 1970s. Key Movements and the Transatlantic Tug-of-War Instead, a "Duchampian engine" began to drive the art world